2004 罗伯特-E-卡恩

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Robert E Kahn

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
23 December 1938, Brooklyn, New York.

EDUCATION:
B.E.E. (City College of New York, 1960); M.A. (Electrical Engineering, Princeton, 1962); Ph.D. (Electrical Engineering, Princeton, 1964).

EXPERIENCE:
Technical Staff, AT&T Bell labs (1964-66); Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) (on leave from MIT) (1966-72); Program Manager / Director, Information Processing Techniques Office, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (1972-1985); Chairman, CEO and President of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) (from 1986).

HONORS AND AWARDS:
SIGCOMM Award, 1993; Marconi Award, 1994; US National Medal of Technology, 1997; IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, 1997; National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize, 2001; ACM Turing Award, 2004; Inductee, National Inventors Hall of Fame, 2006; US Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2005; Fellow of the Computer History Museum, 2006; Japan Prize, 2008; Harold Pender Award, 2010; Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, 2013; AFIPS Harry Goode Memorial Award; President's Award from ACM; ASIS Special Award; Secretary of Defense Civilian Service Award (twice). Kahn has also been named a Fellow of the following organizations: National Academy of Engineering; American Academy of Arts & Sciences; New York Academy of Sciences, IEEE, ACM, AAAI, and an Honorary Fellow of the University College London. He holds honorary doctorates from several institutions.


ROBERT (“BOB”) ELLIOT KAHN DL Author Profile link
United States – 2004
CITATION
With Vinton Cerf, for pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.

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Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn led the design and implementation of the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) that are the basis for the current internet. They formulated fundamental design principles of networking, specified TCP/IP to meet these requirements, prototyped TCP/IP, and coordinated several early TCP/IP implementations. Since then, they have continued to provide leadership in the networking research community and in the emerging industries of the internet and telecommunications.

Robert Kahn was born 23 December 1938, in Brooklyn, New York. He earned his B.E.E. in electrical engineering at the City College of New York in 1960 and went on to earn his M.A. (1962) and Ph.D. (1964) in electrical engineering from Princeton. He took a job at AT&T Bell Labs in 1964 and then joined the electrical engineering department at MIT as an assistant professor in 1966. Wishing to do more applied research, in 1967 Kahn arranged a leave of absence from MIT in to work at the firm of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (now known as BBN), where he began developing his own ideas for computer networking.

ARPANET Development

In 1968, Lawrence Roberts of the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency issued a request for proposals for an experimental large-scale network. The ARPANET project proposed using emerging techniques such as packet switching and distributed communications, along with an unheard-of diversity of computer hardware and operating systems.

Kahn and Cerf discuss the original motivations for the APRANET project.       
The ARPANET’s backbone was to consist of a set of long-distance telephone lines connected by packet switches. BBN’s role was to provide the hardware and software for these switches, called Interface Message Processors or IMPs. Kahn played a key role in system design for the proposal that ultimately won BBN the contract, and he subsequently joined the ARPANET development team led by Frank Heart.

Kahn describes his work to write the ARPANET proposal for BBN.       
In 1972, Kahn took the lead in organizing the first public demonstration of the ARPANET at the October International Computer Communication Conference in Washington, D.C. Prior to that demonstration the ARPANET had been an interesting but underused experimental system but, with Kahn’s encouragement, people at the various sites began to bring new applications online, making the network more attractive to users. This effort brought the ARPANET to maturity and dramatically introduced the network to the larger computer science world.

Work with Cerf on Internetworking

Cerf and Kahn first met when Kahn came to UCLA in 1969 to help test the nascent ARPANET. The two formed an effective working relationship to generate test data and predict and diagnose problems in the network.

In late 1972, Kahn joined the Information Processing Techniques Office (part of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency – usually known as “IPTO”) as a program manager and initiated projects in network security, digital speech transmission, and packet radio. In 1973, building on a previous ARPA-funded project called Alohanet, Kahn initiated a ground-based packet-radio project, called PRNET, which started experimental operation in 1975. Kahn also began experimenting with using the Intelsat I satellite to link the Arpanet to sites in Britain and Norway (where ARPA conducted seismic monitoring to detect Soviet underground nuclear tests). In 1975 this effort grew into the Atlantic Packet Satellite Network (SATNET), an experimental transatlantic network operated in conjunction with the British Post Office and Norwegian Telecommunications Authority.

Kahn tells how the network gateway concept emerged from his work on satellite ARPANET links.       
By 1973 Kahn was already thinking about connecting ARPA’s packet radio and satellite networks to the ARPANET, but he faced formidable challenges, since the three networks were technologically incompatible. ARPANET used point-to-point transmission, while the radio networks used broadcast; ARPANET tried to guarantee reliable transmission of packets, while PRNET did not; and SATNET had longer transmission delays because of the great distance the packets had to travel. Successfully connecting such diverse networks would require a new approach.

In the spring of 1973, Kahn approached Cerf with the idea of developing a system for interconnecting networks—what would eventually be called an “internet.” Kahn felt that his own knowledge of the problem of connecting dissimilar networks, combined with Cerf’s expertise in writing host software, would create a strong partnership. In addition, Kahn and Cerf demonstrated farsighted leadership by inviting networking experts from around the world to weigh in on the Internet design at a seminar in June 1973. This move not only led to more robust protocols, but also laid the groundwork for the global spread of the Internet.
Cerf and Kahn outlined the resulting Internet architecture in a seminal 1974 paper, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication [2].

Kahn describes writing the classic 1974 paper that introduced TCP and the hierarchical numbering of network addresses.       
There were two key elements. First was a host protocol called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which was intended to provide reliable, ordered, flow-controlled transmission of packets over the interlinked networks. Second was a set of gateways or routers that would sit between networks, passing traffic between them and handling inter-network addressing and routing. There was also a hierarchical address system, whereby packets were first sent by the gateways to a network address and then directed internally to a host address within that network. The Internet architecture was designed to make minimal demands on participating networks, to provide a seamless user experience, and to scale up gracefully, key features that would facilitate the Internet’s rapid expansion in the 1990s.

Cerf initially worked on developing the Internet protocols as an ARPA contractor at UCLA, then moved to IPTO as program manager for networking in 1976, staying at the agency until 1982. In 1978 he collaborated with Jon Postel and Danny Cohen, both at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute, to reformulate TCP as a set of two protocols: a host protocol (TCP) and a separate internetwork protocol (IP). IP would be a stripped-down protocol for passing packets within or between networks; it would run on both hosts and gateways, while the more complex TCP would run only on hosts and provide reliable end-to-end service. The new TCP/IP architecture, described in Cerf’s 1980 article “Protocols for Interconnected Packet Networks” [3], simplified the operation of internet gateways and helped increase the number and diversity of the networks connected to the Internet.

Cerf and Kahn oversaw the implementation of TCP and the experimental connection of ARPANET, PRNET and SATNET in 1977; this became the first incarnation of the Internet. Kahn became Director of IPTO in 1979, serving until 1985. He helped guide the changeover of ARPANET sites from the original NCP protocol to TCP/IP in 1983. Also in 1983, Kahn initiated ARPA’s Strategic Computing Initiative, a billion-dollar research program that included chip design, parallel computer architectures, and artificial intelligence.

Later activities

In 1986 Kahn founded the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), where he remains Chairman, CEO, and President. CNRI is a not-for-profit organization that provides technical leadership and funds research and development of emerging information infrastructure components, such as digital object identifiers and “knowbots,” mobile software agents that operate across networked environments.

Author: Janet Abbate



罗伯特-E-卡恩

照片
出生地：纽约
1938年12月23日，纽约，布鲁克林。

教育经历。
纽约城市学院电子工程学士，1960年；普林斯顿大学电子工程硕士，1962年；普林斯顿大学电子工程博士，1964年。

工作经验。
美国电话电报公司贝尔实验室技术人员（1964-66年）；博尔特、贝兰克和纽曼公司（BBN）（从麻省理工学院休假）（1966-72年）；国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）信息处理技术办公室项目经理/主任（1972-1985年）；国家研究计划公司（CNRI）主席、CEO和总裁（1986年起）。

荣誉和奖项。
1993年，SIGCOMM奖；1994年，马可尼奖；1997年，美国国家技术奖；1997年，IEEE亚历山大-格雷厄姆-贝尔奖；2001年，国家工程院查尔斯-斯塔克-德雷珀奖；2004年，ACM图灵奖；2006年，国家发明家名人堂入选者；2005年，美国总统自由勋章。2006年，计算机历史博物馆研究员；2008年，日本奖；2010年，哈罗德-彭德奖；2013年，伊丽莎白女王工程奖；AFIPS哈里-古德纪念奖；ACM总统奖；ASIS特别奖；国防部长民用服务奖（两次）。卡恩还被任命为以下组织的研究员。国家工程院、美国艺术与科学学院、纽约科学院、IEEE、ACM、AAAI，以及伦敦大学学院的荣誉院士。他拥有多个机构的名誉博士学位。


ROBERT ("BOB") ELLIOT KAHN DL作者简介链接
美国 - 2004
奖状
与Vinton Cerf一起，因其在互联网方面的开创性工作，包括互联网基本通信协议TCP/IP的设计和实施，以及在网络方面的灵感领导。

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文顿-G-瑟夫和罗伯特-E-卡恩领导了传输控制协议和互联网协议（TCP/IP）的设计和实施，是目前互联网的基础。他们制定了网络的基本设计原则，指定了TCP/IP以满足这些要求，制作了TCP/IP原型，并协调了几个早期的TCP/IP实施。从那时起，他们继续在网络研究界以及互联网和电信等新兴产业中发挥着领导作用。

罗伯特-卡恩于1938年12月23日出生在纽约的布鲁克林。他于1960年在纽约城市学院获得电子工程学士学位，随后在普林斯顿大学获得电子工程硕士学位（1962年）和博士学位（1964年）。他于1964年在AT&T贝尔实验室工作，然后于1966年加入麻省理工学院电气工程系，担任助理教授。由于希望做更多的应用研究，1967年卡恩安排从麻省理工学院休假，到Bolt, Beranek and Newman公司（现在称为BBN）工作，在那里他开始发展自己的计算机网络理念。

ARPANET的发展

1968年，美国国防部高级研究计划局的劳伦斯-罗伯茨发布了一项关于实验性大规模网络的提案要求。ARPANET项目建议使用新兴技术，如分组交换和分布式通信，以及前所未闻的计算机硬件和操作系统的多样性。

卡恩和瑟夫讨论了APRANET项目的最初动机。       
ARPANET的主干网是由一组由分组交换机连接的长途电话线组成。BBN的作用是为这些交换机提供硬件和软件，称为接口信息处理器或IMP。卡恩在最终为BBN赢得合同的提案的系统设计中发挥了关键作用，他随后加入了由弗兰克-赫特领导的ARPANET开发小组。

卡恩描述了他为BBN撰写ARPANET提案的工作。       
1972年，卡恩在华盛顿特区举行的10月国际计算机通信会议上牵头组织了ARPANET的首次公开演示。在这次演示之前，ARPANET一直是一个有趣但未被充分利用的实验系统，但在卡恩的鼓励下，各站点的人们开始将新的应用程序带到网上，使网络对用户更具吸引力。这一努力使ARPANET走向成熟，并将网络极大地引入了更大的计算机科学世界。

与瑟夫在互联网方面的合作

瑟夫和卡恩第一次见面是在1969年，卡恩来到加州大学洛杉矶分校帮助测试新生的ARPANET。两人形成了一种有效的工作关系，以产生测试数据，预测和诊断网络中的问题。

1972年底，卡恩加入了信息处理技术办公室（美国国防部高级研究计划局的一部分，通常被称为 "IPTO"），担任项目经理，并启动了网络安全、数字语音传输和分组无线电等项目。1973年，在之前ARPA资助的名为Alohanet的项目基础上，卡恩发起了一个名为PRNET的地面分组无线电项目，该项目于1975年开始实验性运行。卡恩还开始试验使用Intelsat I卫星将Arpanet连接到英国和挪威的站点（ARPA在那里进行地震监测以探测苏联的地下核试验）。1975年，这一努力发展成为大西洋分组卫星网络（SATNET），这是一个与英国邮政局和挪威电信局共同运作的实验性跨大西洋网络。

卡恩讲述了网络网关的概念是如何从他关于卫星ARPANET链接的工作中产生的。       
到1973年，卡恩已经在考虑将ARPA的分组无线电和卫星网络连接到ARPANET，但他面临着巨大的挑战，因为这三个网络在技术上是不兼容的。ARPANET使用点对点传输，而无线电网络使用广播；ARPANET试图保证数据包的可靠传输，而PRNET则没有；SATNET由于数据包必须经过很远的距离，所以传输延迟较长。成功地连接这些不同的网络将需要一种新的方法。

1973年春天，卡恩向瑟夫提出了开发一个网络互连系统的想法--最终被称为 "互联网"。卡恩认为，他自己对连接不同网络问题的了解，加上瑟夫在编写主机软件方面的专长，将创造一个强大的伙伴关系。此外，卡恩和瑟夫在1973年6月的一次研讨会上邀请来自世界各地的网络专家对互联网的设计进行评估，从而显示出有远见的领导力。此举不仅导致了更强大的协议，而且为互联网的全球传播奠定了基础。
Cerf和Kahn在1974年的一篇开创性的论文《分组网络互通协议》中概述了由此产生的互联网架构[2]。

卡恩描述了1974年撰写的这篇经典论文，它引入了TCP和网络地址的分层编号。       
其中有两个关键因素。首先是一个叫做传输控制协议（TCP）的主机协议，其目的是在相互连接的网络上提供可靠、有序、流量控制的数据包传输。其次是一组网关或路由器，它们位于网络之间，在它们之间传递信息，处理网络间的寻址和路由。还有一个分层的地址系统，即数据包首先由网关发送到一个网络地址，然后在内部指向该网络中的一个主机地址。互联网架构的设计是为了对参与的网络提出最小的要求，提供无缝的用户体验，并能优雅地扩大规模，这些关键特征将促进互联网在20世纪90年代的快速扩张。

Cerf最初作为加州大学洛杉矶分校的ARPA承包商从事互联网协议的开发工作，然后在1976年转到IPTO担任网络项目经理，在该机构工作到1982年。1978年，他与南加州大学信息科学研究所的Jon Postel和Danny Cohen合作，将TCP重新表述为一组两个协议：一个主机协议（TCP）和一个独立的网络协议（IP）。IP将是一个简化的协议，用于在网络内或网络之间传递数据包；它将在主机和网关上运行，而更复杂的TCP将只在主机上运行，并提供可靠的端到端服务。Cerf在1980年的文章《互连分组网络的协议》[3]中描述了新的TCP/IP架构，它简化了互联网网关的操作，有助于增加连接到互联网的网络的数量和多样性。

Cerf和Kahn监督了TCP的实施以及1977年ARPANET、PRNET和SATNET的实验性连接；这成为互联网的第一个化身。卡恩于1979年成为IPTO的主任，任职至1985年。1983年，他帮助指导ARPANET网站从最初的NCP协议转变为TCP/IP。也是在1983年，卡恩发起了ARPA的战略计算计划，这是一个价值10亿美元的研究计划，包括芯片设计、并行计算机架构和人工智能。

后来的活动

1986年，卡恩成立了国家研究计划公司（CNRI），他至今仍是该公司的主席、首席执行官和总裁。CNRI是一个非营利组织，提供技术领导，并资助新兴信息基础设施组件的研究和开发，如数字对象标识符和 "knowbots"，在网络环境中运作的移动软件代理。

作者。珍妮特-阿贝特