1990 费尔南多·考巴托

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Fernando Corbato

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
July 1, 1926 in Oakland, California

DEATH:
July 19, 2019 in Newburyport, Massachusetts

EDUCATION:
Attended High school and UCLA in Los Angeles; BS in Physics from the California Institute of Technology, 1950; Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1956

EXPERIENCE:
Joined the US Navy in WWII as an electronics technician; MIT Computation Center research staff under Prof. Philip M. Morse; led the development of Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) from 1961-1965; Deputy Director, MIT Computation Center; led the development of Multics at MIT Project MAC (Laboratory for Computer Science) from 1964-1974; Associate department head, MIT EECS department (1974-1978 and 1983-1993); retired from MIT (1996).

HONORS AND AWARDS:
ACM National Lecturer (1964); IEEE W.W. McDowell Award for his work in the development of time-sharing systems (1966); member of the Computer Science and Engineering Board of the National Academy of Science (1970-1973); Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (1975); Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975); elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1976); American Federation of Information Processing Societies Harry Goode Memorial Award (1980); Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1982); charter recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award (1982); ACM Alan M. Turing Award (1990); ACM Fellow (1994); NEC Corporation Foundation Computers & Communication (C&C) Prize (1998); Fellow of the Computer History Museum (2012).

FERNANDO J ("CORBY") CORBATO DL Author Profile link
United States – 1990
CITATION
For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSS and Multics.

SHORT ANNOTATED
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ACM TURING AWARD
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VIDEO INTERVIEW
Fernando José Corbató, known to everyone as “Corby”, was born July 1, 1926 in Oakland, California. His parents were graduate students at the University of California, Berkeley. When Corby was five years old his family moved to Los Angeles, where his father became a professor of Spanish literature at UCLA. World War II broke out while Corby was in high school in Los Angeles, so he graduated early and enlisted in the US Navy at age 17, becoming an electronics technician. After the war he entered the California Institute of Technology and received a BS in Physics in 1950.

Corby then went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for graduate school. While a graduate assistant at MIT, he was encouraged by Prof. Philip M. Morse to become expert in the use of the Whirlwind computer for physics computations. One project he worked on was the computation of wave functions, later published in a book by MIT Press [1].

Corbató describes his introduction to computer programming, as an undergraduate using MIT’s Whirlwind computer.       
After receiving his Ph.D. in Physics in 1956, Corby became a member of Prof. Morse's research staff in the newly formed MIT Computation Center, which then had an IBM 704 computer. He served as Deputy Director of the Computation Center from 1958 to 1965. As computer use increased rapidly at MIT in the late 1950s, Corby became familiar with their limitations.

Many users were dissatisfied with the way access to computers was managed. Computers like Whirlwind were used by one person at a time, and required signups in advance.  The Computation Center's IBM 704 was run in “batch mode”, where professional operators ran previously-submitted computational jobs. Both approaches required the programmer to wait for hours or days, and to wait again if the job had to be re-run due to an error.

A new idea called "time-sharing" was proposed at the end of the 1950s by several people, among them MIT Profesor John McCarthy (Turing Award winner in 1971). Several users would be connected to the computer at the same time.  It would switch rapidly between their programs, running one for a short time, then another. Each user would interact with his or her program using a Teletype-like device called a terminal.

In order for time-sharing to work, the computer would have to be able to interrupt a running job, save its state, find and restore another job, and start it up where it had been interrupted. Process control computers had such abilities at the time, but scientific machines like the Computation Center's IBM 709 did not. Furthermore, the supervisor program that switched between users had to be protected from being overwritten by a misbehaving user program.

In 1961, Corby proposed a small project on the IBM 709 that would demonstrate such interactive computing. With Bob Daley and Marjorie Merwin-Daggett, he built the initial version of the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) and demonstrated it in November of 1961.  It saved suspended programs onto four magnetic tape drives, providing simultaneous access for four time-sharing users who used modified Flexowriter terminals. CTSS was described in a paper presented by Corby, Merwin-Daggett and Daley at the 1962 Spring Joint Computer Conference [2].

Corbató describes work on CTSS, which provide a proof of concept for computer timesharing.       
CTSS was "compatible" in the sense that binary object programs that ran in batch mode could also be run interactively, and also in the sense that traditional batch processing could share the computer with time-sharing users. The system provided each user with a virtual IBM 709 computer that could execute user programs and system commands in response to command lines entered at a terminal.

CTSS development continued throughout 1962 and 1963. The Computation Center upgraded to an IBM 7090 (which used transistors instead of vacuum tubes) and added disks, drums, and an IBM 7750 terminal controller to its configuration.  The computer also had special modifications from IBM to support time-shared operation, and to protect the supervisor from errant user programs. CTSS was accessible from telephone dial-up terminals located in MIT offices and in the homes of researchers and staff members. CTSS evolved rapidly, and a manual for the system was published by MIT Press in 1963 [3].

In the Fall of 1962, J.C.R. Licklider and MIT Prof. Robert M. Fano initiated Project MAC, an interdepartmental laboratory at MIT focused on time-sharing and funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense. An important initial activity of Project MAC was a 1963 Summer Study, where invited computer scientists from many institutions came to MIT and used CTSS. It demonstrated that time-sharing not only used computers more efficiently, it also helped build a community of users. The Summer Study also motivated the MIT programmers to make CTSS a reliable service, not just an experiment.

In the fall of 1963, Project MAC acquired an IBM 7094 and CTSS began operating as a general service for MIT research projects.  The MIT Computation Center also upgraded its machine from an IBM 7090 to an IBM 7094, and continued to provide both CTSS and batch operation for academic users.

The plan for Project MAC included the development of a second-generation replacement for CTSS called Multics: Multiplexed Information and Computing Service. It was to be a prototype of a "computer utility" that provides computing and storage service to a large user community. Project MAC selected General Electric as the computer vendor, and enlisted Bell Telephone Laboratories to participate in the software design and implementation. CTSS was used as the tool for developing the new system.

Corbató explains why Project MAC went with GE rather than IBM for the development of what became Multics.       
A special session at the 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference was devoted to six papers describing Multics, written jointly by authors from MIT, General Electric, and Bell Laboratories [4]. Multics was to be implemented on a new computer, the General Electric 645, which provided architectural support specifically for time-sharing.

Besides its utility-like orientation, the most significant feature of Multics was the integration of memory segmentation and paging (both of which existed in other systems) into a virtual memory system that provided a single level store for a shared memory multiprocessor. The virtual memory was organized into rings of protection, and special attention was given to making the system secure. Multics was implemented in the high-level language PL/I. Many industry watchers regarded the project as too ambitious.

Corby was chosen to lead Project MAC's Computer System Research group. He managed a group of about 30 people, coordinated with similar sized teams from Bell Laboratories and General Electric, which established design directions and priorities for Multics. One of his important contributions was creating a development culture that emphasized open communication, thorough review, and iterative improvement. He led Multics development from 1963 until the mid-1970s.

Corbató explains the goals of the Multics project and the compromises made as it progressed.       
Corby was appointed Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at MIT in 1962, and Professor in 1965. Prof. Corbató served as Associate department head for Computer Science and Engineering in the MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department for the years 1974-1978 and 1983-1993. He also served as MIT Director of Information Services and MIT Network Czar in the mid-70s. He retired in 1996.

CTSS ran at Project MAC until 1968, and at the MIT Computation Center until 1973. Multics became available for general use at MIT in October 1969, and Multics systems were sold by General Electric and Honeywell from 1970 to 1987. The last Multics system was shut down in 2000.

Bell Laboratories withdrew from the Multics project in 1969.  Former Multics contributors Ken Thompson  and Dennis Ritchie began developing a simple and elegant operating system called UNIX, described as "one of whatever Multics was many of." UNIX was influenced by both CTSS and Multics.  Ritchie later wrote,
"In most ways UNIX is a very conservative system. Only a handful of its ideas are genuinely new. In fact, a good case can be made that it is, in essence, a modern implementation of MIT’s CTSS system. This claim is intended as a compliment to both UNIX and CTSS. Today, more than fifteen years after CTSS was born, few of the interactive systems we know of are superior to it in ease of use; many are inferior in basic design." [8]

Corbató and his late wife Isabel had two daughters, Carolyn and Nancy.  He also has two stepsons, David and Jason Gish, with his current wife Emily.

Author: T. Van Vleck



费尔南多-科巴托

照片
诞生。
1926年7月1日在加州奥克兰市

逝世。
2019年7月19日在马萨诸塞州的纽伯里波特。

教育背景：在洛杉矶的高中和加州大学洛杉矶分校学习。
在洛杉矶的高中和加州大学洛杉矶分校就读；1950年获得加州理工学院物理学学士学位；1956年获得麻省理工学院物理学博士学位。

经历。
二战时加入美国海军，担任电子技术员；麻省理工学院计算中心研究人员，师从菲利普-M-莫尔斯教授；1961-1965年领导开发兼容时间共享系统（CTSS）；麻省理工学院计算中心副主任；1964-1974年在麻省理工学院MAC项目（计算机科学实验室）领导开发Multics；麻省理工学院EECS系副系主任（1974-1978和1983-1993）；从麻省理工学院退休（1996）。

荣誉和奖项。
ACM国家讲师（1964年）；IEEE W.W。McDowell奖，以表彰他在开发分时系统方面的工作（1966年）；国家科学院计算机科学和工程委员会成员（1970-1973年）；电气和电子工程师协会研究员（1975年）；美国艺术和科学学院研究员（1975年）。当选为国家工程院院士（1976年）；美国信息处理协会联合会哈里-古德纪念奖（1980年）；美国科学促进会研究员（1982年）；IEEE计算机协会计算机先锋奖特许获得者（1982年）；ACM阿兰-M-图灵奖（1990年）；ACM阿兰-M-图灵奖。图灵奖（1990年）；ACM研究员（1994年）；NEC公司基金会计算机与通信（C&C）奖（1998年）；计算机历史博物馆研究员（2012年）。

FERNANDO J ("CORBY") CORBATO DL作者简介链接
美国 - 1990年
嘉奖
由于他在组织概念和领导开发通用、大规模、时间共享和资源共享的计算机系统CTSS和Multics方面的开创性工作。

简短注释
书目
亚马逊图灵奖
讲座
研究
主题
额外的
材料
采访视频
费尔南多-何塞-科尔巴托，大家都叫他 "科比"，1926年7月1日出生在加利福尼亚的奥克兰。他的父母是加州大学伯克利分校的研究生。科比5岁时，他的家人搬到了洛杉矶，他的父亲在那里成为加州大学洛杉矶分校的西班牙文学教授。第二次世界大战爆发时，科比正在洛杉矶读高中，因此他提前毕业，并在17岁时应征加入美国海军，成为一名电子技术员。战后他进入加州理工学院，并于1950年获得了物理学学士学位。

科比随后去了麻省理工学院读研究生。在麻省理工学院担任研究生助理期间，他受到菲利普-M-莫尔斯教授的鼓励，成为使用旋风计算机进行物理计算的专家。他参与的一个项目是波函数的计算，后来由麻省理工学院出版社出版了一本书[1]。

科尔巴托描述了他对计算机编程的介绍，作为一个本科生使用麻省理工学院的旋风计算机。       
1956年获得物理学博士学位后，科比成为莫尔斯教授在新成立的麻省理工学院计算中心的研究人员，该中心当时有一台IBM 704计算机。从1958年到1965年，他一直担任计算中心的副主任。20世纪50年代末，随着计算机在麻省理工学院的使用迅速增加，科比开始熟悉其局限性。

许多用户对管理使用计算机的方式感到不满。像 "旋风 "这样的计算机一次只能由一个人使用，而且需要提前登记。 计算中心的IBM 704是以 "批处理模式 "运行的，由专业操作人员运行先前提交的计算任务。这两种方法都需要程序员等待数小时或数天，如果工作因错误而不得不重新运行，还要再次等待。

20世纪50年代末，有几个人提出了一个叫做 "时间共享 "的新想法，其中包括麻省理工学院的约翰-麦卡锡教授（1971年图灵奖得主）。几个用户将同时连接到计算机上。 它将在他们的程序之间快速切换，短时间内运行一个程序，然后再运行另一个。每个用户将使用一个类似电传打字机的设备与他或她的程序进行互动，这个设备被称为终端。

为了使时间共享发挥作用，计算机必须能够中断正在运行的工作，保存其状态，找到并恢复另一个工作，并在其被中断的地方启动它。过程控制计算机在当时有这样的能力，但像计算中心的IBM 709这样的科学机器却没有。此外，在用户之间进行切换的主管程序必须受到保护，以免被行为不端的用户程序所覆盖。

1961年，科比提议在IBM 709上进行一个小型项目，以展示这种交互式计算。他与鲍勃-戴利和马乔里-默文-达吉特一起建立了兼容时间共享系统（CTSS）的最初版本，并在1961年11月进行了演示。 它将暂停的程序保存在四个磁带驱动器上，为四个使用改进的Flexowriter终端的分时用户提供同时访问。CTSS在Corby、Merwin-Daggett和Daley在1962年春季联合计算机会议上发表的一篇论文中进行了描述[2]。

Corbató描述了CTSS的工作，它为计算机分时租赁提供了一个概念证明。       
CTSS是 "兼容的"，即在批处理模式下运行的二进制对象程序也可以交互式运行，也就是说，传统的批处理可以与分时用户共享计算机。该系统为每个用户提供了一台虚拟的IBM 709计算机，可以执行用户程序和系统命令，以响应在终端输入的命令行。

CTSS的开发在1962年和1963年继续进行。计算中心升级到IBM 7090（使用晶体管而不是真空管），并在其配置中增加了磁盘、鼓和IBM 7750终端控制器。 这台计算机还经过了IBM的特殊修改，以支持时间共享的操作，并保护主管不受错误用户程序的影响。CTSS可以通过位于麻省理工学院办公室和研究人员及工作人员家中的电话拨号终端访问。CTSS发展迅速，麻省理工学院出版社于1963年出版了该系统的手册[3]。

1962年秋，J.C.R. Licklider和麻省理工学院Robert M. Fano教授启动了MAC项目，这是麻省理工学院的一个跨部门实验室，主要研究时间共享，由美国国防部高级研究计划局资助。项目MAC的一个重要初始活动是1963年的夏季研究，来自许多机构的计算机科学家应邀来到麻省理工学院并使用CTSS。它证明了时间共享不仅可以更有效地使用计算机，而且还有助于建立一个用户社区。夏季研究还促使麻省理工学院的程序员们使CTSS成为一项可靠的服务，而不仅仅是一项实验。

1963年秋天，MAC项目获得了一台IBM 7094，CTSS开始作为麻省理工学院研究项目的一般服务而运作。 麻省理工学院计算中心也将其机器从IBM 7090升级到IBM 7094，并继续为学术用户提供CTSS和批量操作。

MAC项目的计划包括开发CTSS的第二代替代品，称为Multics。多重信息和计算服务。它将是一个 "计算机设施 "的原型，为一个大型用户社区提供计算和存储服务。MAC项目选择了通用电气作为计算机供应商，并邀请贝尔电话实验室参与软件设计和实施。CTSS被用来作为开发新系统的工具。

Corbató解释了为什么MAC项目选择了通用电气而不是IBM来开发后来的Multics。       
1965年秋季联合计算机会议的一次特别会议专门讨论了六篇描述Multics的论文，这些论文由来自麻省理工学院、通用电气和贝尔实验室的作者共同撰写[4]。Multics将在一台新的计算机上实现，即通用电气645，它提供了专门用于时间共享的架构支持。

除了类似实用程序的定位，Multics最重要的特点是将内存分段和分页（两者都存在于其他系统中）整合到一个虚拟内存系统中，为共享内存多处理器提供一个单级存储。虚拟内存被组织成保护环，并特别注意使系统安全。Multics是用高级语言PL/I实现的。许多行业观察家认为该项目过于雄心勃勃。

科比被选中领导MAC项目的计算机系统研究小组。他管理着一个大约30人的小组，与贝尔实验室和通用电气的类似规模的小组协调，为Multics确定设计方向和优先事项。他的重要贡献之一是创造了一种强调公开交流、彻底审查和迭代改进的开发文化。他从1963年开始领导Multics的开发，直到20世纪70年代中期。

科尔巴托解释了Multics项目的目标以及在项目进展过程中做出的妥协。       
科比在1962年被任命为麻省理工学院电子工程副教授，1965年被任命为教授。科尔巴托教授在1974-1978年和1983-1993年担任麻省理工学院电子工程和计算机科学系的计算机科学和工程副系主任。在70年代中期，他还担任过麻省理工学院信息服务部主任和麻省理工学院网络管理员。他于1996年退休。

CTSS在项目MAC运行到1968年，在MIT计算中心运行到1973年。1969年10月，Multics开始在麻省理工学院普遍使用，1970年至1987年，Multics系统由通用电气和霍尼韦尔公司出售。最后一个Multics系统在2000年被关闭。

贝尔实验室在1969年退出了Multics项目。 前Multics贡献者Ken Thompson和Dennis Ritchie开始开发一个简单而优雅的操作系统，称为UNIX，被描述为 "Multics的许多东西中的一个"。UNIX受到了CTSS和Multics的影响。 Ritchie后来写道。
"在大多数方面，UNIX是一个非常保守的系统。只有少数的想法是真正的新的。事实上，有一个很好的例子可以说明，它在本质上是麻省理工学院CTSS系统的一个现代实现。这种说法是对UNIX和CTSS的赞美。今天，在CTSS诞生超过15年之后，我们所知道的交互式系统在易用性方面很少有比它更好的；许多系统在基本设计方面都要逊色"。[8]

科尔巴托和他已故的妻子伊莎贝尔有两个女儿，卡罗琳和南希。 他还有两个继子，大卫和杰森-吉斯，与他现在的妻子艾米丽。

作者：。T. Van Vleck