1994 拉吉·瑞迪

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Raj Reddy
BIRTH:
June 13, 1937, Katoor, Andhra Pradesh, India

EDUCATION:
B.S., Civil Engineering, Guindy College of Engineering, Madras, (Now Anna University, Chennai), India, 1958; MTech, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1960; PhD Stanford University, 1966.

EXPERIENCE:
Applied Science Representative, IBM (Australia), Sydney, Australia, 1960 – 1963; Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Stanford University 1966 – 1969; Associate Professor Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University 1969 – 1973; Professor of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University 1973 – 1984; University Professor of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University; 1984 – present; Founding Director, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University; 1980 – 1992; Dean, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 1991 – 1999; Herbert A. Simon University Professor of Computer Science and Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University, 1992 – 2005; Founding Director, Carnegie Mellon University West Coast Campus, Mountain View, California; 2001 – 2004; Mozah Bint Nasser University Professor of Computer Science and Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University, 2005 – present

HONORS AND AWARDS:
Fellow, Acoustical Society of America; Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE); Founding Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (now called the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, AAAI); Foreign Member, Chinese Academy of Engineering; Foreign Fellow, Indian National Science Academy (INSA); Foreign Fellow, Indian National Academy of Engineering(INAE); Recipient, Legion d’Honneur, presented by President Mitterrand of France (1984); Member of the National Academy of Engineering (1984); President, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (now called the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, AAAI) (1987-1989); IBM Research Ralph Gomory Visiting Scholar Award (1991); Co-Recipient, Association for Computing Machinery Turing Award (jointly with Ed Feigenbaum) (1994); Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1995); Recipient, Padma Bhushan Award, presented by President of India (2001); Okawa Prize (2004); Honda Prize (2005); IJCAI Donald E. Walker Distinguished Service Award (2005); Vannevar Bush Award (2006); The IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award (2008); inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems" (2011).

Honorary Doctorates: Sri Venkateswara University, Henri Poincaré University, University of New South Wales, Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, University of Massachusetts, University of Warwick, Anna University, Indian Institute for Information Technology (Allahabad), Andhra University, IIT Kharagpur, and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

DABBALA RAJAGOPAL ("RAJ") REDDY DL Author Profile link
United States – 1994
CITATION
For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.

SHORT ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACM TURING AWARD
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RESEARCH
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VIDEO INTERVIEW
Raj Reddy pioneered the construction of systems for recognizing continuous speech. He developed the first system, Hearsay I, capable of continuous speech recognition. In this system and subsequent systems like Hearsay II, Harpy, and Dragon, he and his students developed most of the ideas underlying modern commercial speech recognition technology. Some of these ideas—most notably the “blackboard model” for coordinating multiple knowledge sources—have been adopted across the spectrum of applied artificial intelligence. Together, the joint Turing Award recipients in 1994, Edward Feigenbaum and Raj Reddy, have been seminal leaders in defining the emerging field of applied artificial intelligence and demonstrating its technological significance.

Raj Reddy is renowned for his work in computer speech recognition, robotics, human-computer interaction, innovations in higher education, and efforts to bring digital technology to people on the other side of the “digital divide.”

Dabbala Rajagopal (Raj) Reddy was born on June 13, 1937 in Katoor, Andhra Pradesh, India. His father, Srdenivasulu Reddy, was an agricultural landlord and his mother, Pitchamma, was a homemaker. Reddy attended the ZP High School at Sri Kalahasti in Chittoor District, and received his Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Guindy College of Engineering, Madras (now Anna University, Chennai), India, in 1958. As an ROTC student in India he learned to fly, and later said that he used to fly bi-planes and do aerobatics. After his undergraduate work, he moved to Australia as an exchange student and received a Master’s degree in technology in 1960 from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Upon finishing his Master’s, he worked as an Applied Science Representative for IBM in Australia.

Reddy recalls his first computer encounter, with an English Electric DEUCE, and his move to Australia.       
In 1963, Reddy came to Stanford University as a PhD student. In early 1964, he began a class project under John McCarthy (himself a Turing Award recipient) on speech recognition, employing the Stanford AI Lab’s newly acquired analog-to-digital converter and PDP-1 computer to process speech waveforms. In a later interview, Reddy said that he chose that project, among several others suggested by McCarthy, because he was interested in natural languages and what could be learned about them using computers. Little did he know that his “class project” would occupy a lifetime. Reddy completed his PhD dissertation in 1966 under the supervision of McCarthy, on speech recognition. It was the first PhD granted by Stanford’s newly-formed Department of Computer Science.

Reddy recalls John McCarthy, founder of Stanford’s AI Lab, and his introduction to speech recognition.       
Reddy stayed at Stanford as an assistant professor, doing and directing work on speech recognition, image processing, and face recognition. In 1969, attracted by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon and Alan Perlis (all three are also Turing Award recipients), he accepted a position as an associate professor at Carnegie Mellon University, where he continued his research on speech recognition and image processing.

In 1970, not long after Reddy arrived at CMU, Allen Newell chaired a committee sponsored by DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, to investigate the feasibility of beginning a large-scale, five-year, community-wide project on “speech understanding.” CMU was among the groups funded to carry out research outlined by the committee, and Reddy headed the project. Even though CMU made notable achievements during that time, fielding successful speech-understanding systems called HEARSAY II, HARPY, and DRAGON, DARPA decided not to renew the main projects as such, but it did continue to support Reddy’s work on speech understanding at a reduced level at CMU under its basic research program.

Reddy describes early experiences at CMU, including work on the Hearsay and Harpy speech recognition systems.       
Over a span of three decades, Reddy and his colleagues created several historic demonstrations of spoken language systems, such as voice control of robots, large-vocabulary connected speech recognition, speaker independent speech recognition, and unrestricted vocabulary dictation. They developed many of the ideas that underlie modern commercial speech recognition products.

Reddy and his colleagues have also made seminal contributions to other areas of artificial intelligence and computer science, notably to task-oriented architectures, analysis of natural scenes, and autonomous robotic systems. The “blackboard architecture” for coordinating multiple knowledge sources, developed under CMU’s speech understanding research program, has been widely adopted.

He became a Full Professor in 1973, and a University Professor in 1984. He served as the founding Director of the Robotics Institute from 1980 to 1992 and as the Dean of the School of Computer Science from 1991 to 1999. He became the Founding Director of Carnegie Mellon’s West Coast Campus in 2001, serving in that position until 2004.

From about 1975 on, Reddy’s research interests expanded in several directions. He was one of the major collaborators at CMU with DARPA, and was instrumental in getting DARPA work started on VLSI research, sensor networks, operating systems (the “MACH” system, which is the foundation of Apple’s MAC OSX), and user interfaces and workstations. He also experimented with graphics printing.

In 1978 and 1979 Reddy persuaded the Westinghouse Corporation and others to support the newly-created Robotics Institute at CMU. He served as its founding director from 1979 to 1991. Reddy was able to persuade several gifted scientists to join. The Institute carries on research in several robotics-related fields, including space robotics, computer graphics, medical robotics, computer vision, and artificial intelligence. It played, and still plays, a leading role in making Pittsburgh a center for robotics research and applications. Its headquarters building is sometimes affectionately called the “Raj Mahal” in honor of its founder.

Reddy recalls the founding of CMU’s Robotics Institute.       
Computer science at CMU gradually outgrew in scope and size what could be housed in one department. In 1988, it became the School of Computer Science, and Reddy served as Dean from 1991 to 1999. In that position he helped create the Language Technologies Institute, the Human Computer Interaction Institute, the Center for Automated Learning and Discovery (since renamed the Department of Machine Learning), and the Institute for Software Research.

In 2005, Reddy was honored as the first recipient of the Mozah Bint Nasser Chair of Computer Science and Robotics. A gift from the Qatar Foundation, the chair was awarded as part of the inaugural celebration honoring the opening of CMU’s new campus in Qatar.

Reddy continues to innovate technically, organizationally, and as a computer science spokesperson. He was one of the founders of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (now called the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence) and was its President from 1987 to 1989. He was a co-chair of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) from 1999 to 2001. He serves on the International Board of Governors of the Peres Center for Peace based in Israel.

He actively participates in a number of organizations in India. He is a member of the governing board of the GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute, and of the Indian Institute of Health Management. He is the chairman of the Governing Council of the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, where Reddy and colleagues have developed Indian language processing. He helped found and is the Chancellor and the Chairman of the Governing Council of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, which caters to the educational needs of gifted rural youth. In 2001, Reddy was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award given by the Indian Government, for distinguished service of a high order to the nation.

Reddy has participated in many other organizing activities. Among them are his role in getting a Silicon Valley branch of CMU started, and his involvement in the Universal Digital Library Project, whose goal is to coordinate all the world’s knowledge on the Web. “All of my projects are interrelated,” he told one interviewer, “In order to solve any one of them, you have to solve all of them.”

Reddy is extraordinarily talented at persuading people to help with his projects. Jim Morris, a former Dean of CMU’s School of Computer Science, mentioned that one of Reddy’s most effective tools of persuasion is something called the “full Raj” embrace—not to be confused with the mere “half Raj,” a tactic used for less critical tasks. Morris defined a “half Raj” as just an arm on your shoulder; a “full Raj” brings you into his neck.

Reddy’s accomplishments have led to many awards and honors. In addition to being a co-recipient with Ed Feigenbaum of the ACM Turing Award in 1994, he is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Legion d’Honneur, by French President Francois Mitterrand in 1984 for his work in developing countries; the Okawa Prize in 2004 for “pioneering researches of large scale artificial intelligence system, human-computer interaction… outstanding contributions to information and telecommunications policy”, the Honda Prize in 2005 for his “outstanding achievements in computer science and robotics,” the 2005 IJCAI Donald E. Walker Distinguished Service Award for “his outstanding service to the AI community,” and the Vannevar Bush Award in 2006 for his “pioneering research in robotics and intelligent systems, and his significant contributions in the formulation of national information and telecommunications policy.”

For a 1991 oral history interview of Reddy, see: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/107605/1/oh231rr.pdf

Author: Nils J. Nilsson



拉吉-雷迪
出生地：印度
1937年6月13日，印度安得拉邦的卡托尔。

教育经历。
1958年，印度马德拉斯Guindy工程学院（现为钦奈安娜大学）土木工程学士；1960年，澳大利亚悉尼新南威尔士大学硕士；1966年，斯坦福大学博士。

工作经验。
1960-1963年，澳大利亚悉尼，IBM（澳大利亚）应用科学代表；1966-1969年，斯坦福大学计算机科学助理教授；1969-1973年，卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学副教授；1973-1984年，卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学教授；1984年至今，卡内基梅隆大学机器人研究所创始主任；1980-1992年，卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院院长，1991-1999年，赫伯特．西蒙大学计算机科学和机器人学教授，卡内基梅隆大学，1992 - 2005；卡内基梅隆大学西海岸校区创始主任，加州山景城；2001 - 2004；卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学和机器人学莫扎-宾特-纳赛尔大学教授，2005 - 现在

荣誉和奖项。
美国声学学会会员；美国电气和电子工程师协会会员；美国电气和电子工程师协会（IEEE）创始会员。(IEEE)；美国人工智能协会（现称人工智能促进会，AAAI）创始会员；中国工程院外籍院士；印度国家科学院外籍院士；印度国家工程院外籍院士（INAE）；法国总统密特朗颁发的荣誉勋章获得者（1984）；美国国家工程院院士（1984）。美国人工智能协会（现称为人工智能促进协会，AAAI）主席（1987-1989）；IBM研究院Ralph Gomory访问学者奖（1991）；计算机械协会图灵奖共同获得者（与Ed Feigenbaum共同获得）（1994）；美国艺术与科学学院成员（1995）；印度总统颁发的Padma Bhushan奖获得者（2001）；大川奖（2004）；本田奖（2005）；IJCAI Donald E。Walker杰出服务奖（2005年）；Vannevar Bush奖（2006年）；IEEE James L. Flanagan语音和音频处理奖（2008年）；因 "对人工智能和智能系统领域的重大贡献 "入选IEEE智能系统的人工智能名人堂（2011年）。

荣誉博士。Sri Venkateswara大学、Henri Poincaré大学、新南威尔士大学、Jawaharlal Nehru科技大学、马萨诸塞大学、华威大学、安娜大学、印度信息技术学院（阿拉哈巴德）、安德拉大学、IIT Kharagpur和香港科技大学

DABBALA RAJAGOPAL ("RAJ") REDDY DL 作者简介链接
美国 - 1994年
嘉奖
由于开创了大规模人工智能系统的设计和建造，证明了人工智能技术的实际重要性和潜在的商业影响。

简短注释
书目
亚马逊图灵奖
讲座
研究
主题
额外的
材料
采访视频
拉吉-雷迪是构建连续语音识别系统的先驱。他开发了第一个能够进行连续语音识别的系统--Hearsay I。在这个系统和随后的系统如Hearsay II、Harpy和Dragon中，他和他的学生开发了现代商业语音识别技术的大部分理念。其中一些想法--最值得注意的是用于协调多个知识源的 "黑板模型"--已被应用人工智能领域广泛采用。1994年图灵奖的联合获得者Edward Feigenbaum和Raj Reddy在定义新兴的应用人工智能领域和展示其技术意义方面，一直是开创性的领导者。

拉吉-雷迪因其在计算机语音识别、机器人技术、人机交互、高等教育创新以及努力将数字技术带给 "数字鸿沟 "另一端的人们方面的工作而闻名。

达巴拉-拉贾戈帕尔（Raj）-雷迪于1937年6月13日出生在印度安得拉邦的卡托尔。他的父亲斯德尼瓦苏鲁-雷迪是一名农业地主，母亲皮查玛是一名家庭主妇。雷迪在奇托尔区斯里卡拉哈斯蒂的ZP高中上学，并于1958年在印度马德拉斯（现为钦奈的安娜大学）的金迪工程学院获得土木工程学士学位。作为印度ROTC的学生，他学会了飞行，后来他说他曾经驾驶双翼飞机并做特技表演。本科毕业后，他作为交换生来到澳大利亚，并于1960年在澳大利亚悉尼的新南威尔士大学获得了技术硕士学位。硕士毕业后，他在澳大利亚的IBM公司担任应用科学代表。

雷迪回忆起他第一次接触计算机时，使用的是英国电气公司的DEUCE，并搬到了澳大利亚。       
1963年，雷迪来到斯坦福大学，成为一名博士生。1964年初，他在约翰-麦卡锡（他本人也是图灵奖获得者）的指导下开始了一个关于语音识别的课堂项目，采用斯坦福大学人工智能实验室新获得的模数转换器和PDP-1计算机来处理语音波形。在后来的一次采访中，雷迪说，在麦卡锡建议的其他几个项目中，他选择了这个项目，因为他对自然语言以及利用计算机可以了解到的东西感兴趣。他不知道他的 "课堂项目 "将占据他的一生。1966年，雷迪在麦卡锡的指导下完成了他的博士论文，内容是语音识别。这是斯坦福大学新成立的计算机科学系授予的第一个博士学位。

雷迪回忆起斯坦福大学人工智能实验室的创始人约翰-麦卡锡以及他对语音识别的介绍。       
雷迪留在斯坦福担任助理教授，从事并指导语音识别、图像处理和人脸识别的工作。1969年，在艾伦-纽维尔、赫伯特-西蒙和艾伦-珀利斯（这三人也是图灵奖获得者）的吸引下，他接受了卡内基梅隆大学副教授的职位，继续从事语音识别和图像处理的研究。

1970年，在雷迪来到CMU不久，艾伦-纽维尔主持了一个由国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）赞助的委员会，调查开始一个大规模的、为期五年的、全社会的 "语音理解 "项目的可行性。CMU是被资助进行该委员会概述的研究的团体之一，雷迪领导该项目。尽管CMU在此期间取得了显著的成就，成功地推出了名为HEARSAY II、HARPY和DRAGON的语音理解系统，但DARPA决定不再延长这些主要项目，但它确实继续支持Reddy在CMU的基础研究计划下进行的语音理解工作，而且是在一个较低的水平上。

Reddy描述了在CMU的早期经验，包括在Hearsay和Harpy语音识别系统上的工作。       
在三十年的时间里，雷迪和他的同事们创造了几个历史性的口语系统演示，如机器人的语音控制，大词汇量的连接语音识别，说话人独立的语音识别，以及无限制的词汇听写。他们开发了许多作为现代商业语音识别产品基础的想法。

雷迪和他的同事还对人工智能和计算机科学的其他领域做出了开创性的贡献，特别是在面向任务的架构、自然场景的分析和自主机器人系统方面。在CMU语音理解研究项目下开发的用于协调多个知识源的 "黑板架构 "已被广泛采用。

他于1973年成为正教授，1984年成为大学教授。1980年至1992年，他担任机器人研究所的创始主任，1991年至1999年担任计算机科学学院院长。2001年，他成为卡内基梅隆大学西海岸校区的创始主任，并在该职位上任职至2004年。

大约从1975年开始，雷迪的研究兴趣向几个方向扩展。他是CMU与DARPA的主要合作者之一，在让DARPA开始VLSI研究、传感器网络、操作系统（"MACH "系统，这是苹果公司MAC OSX的基础）以及用户界面和工作站方面发挥了作用。他还进行了图形打印的实验。

1978年和1979年，雷迪说服了西屋公司和其他公司支持在CMU新成立的机器人研究所。从1979年到1991年，他担任了该研究所的创始主任。雷迪能够说服几个有天赋的科学家加入。该研究所在几个与机器人有关的领域进行研究，包括空间机器人、计算机图形学、医疗机器人、计算机视觉和人工智能。它在使匹兹堡成为机器人研究和应用的中心方面发挥了，并且仍然发挥着主导作用。其总部大楼有时被亲切地称为 "Raj Mahal"，以纪念其创始人。

雷迪回忆起CMU机器人研究所的成立。       
CMU的计算机科学在范围和规模上逐渐超出了一个部门所能容纳的范围。1988年，它成为计算机科学学院，雷迪从1991年到1999年担任院长。在这个职位上，他帮助创建了语言技术研究所、人机交互研究所、自动学习和发现中心（后来改名为机器学习系）以及软件研究所。

2005年，雷迪被授予莫扎-宾特-纳赛尔计算机科学和机器人学教席的第一位接受者的荣誉。该教席是卡塔尔基金会的礼物，作为CMU在卡塔尔的新校区落成庆典的一部分而颁发。

雷迪继续在技术上、组织上和作为计算机科学的代言人进行创新。他是美国人工智能协会（现称为人工智能促进协会）的创始人之一，并在1987年至1989年担任该协会主席。1999年至2001年，他是总统信息技术咨询委员会（PITAC）的联合主席。他是设在以色列的佩雷斯和平中心的国际理事会成员。

他积极参加了印度的一些组织。他是GVK应急管理和研究所以及印度卫生管理研究所的理事会成员。他是海德拉巴国际信息技术研究所的理事会主席，雷迪和同事在那里开发了印度语言处理。他帮助创建了拉吉夫-甘地知识技术大学，并担任该校校长和理事会主席，该大学满足了有天赋的农村青年的教育需求。2001年，雷迪被授予Padma Bhushan奖，这是印度政府颁发的第三高的平民奖，以表彰他对国家的杰出服务。

雷迪还参加了许多其他组织活动。其中包括他在使CMU的硅谷分部开始运作方面发挥的作用，以及他参与的通用数字图书馆项目，其目标是在网络上协调世界上所有的知识。"我所有的项目都是相互关联的，"他告诉一位采访者，"为了解决其中任何一个项目，你必须解决所有的项目。"

雷迪在说服人们帮助他的项目方面有着超乎寻常的天赋。CMU计算机科学学院的前院长吉姆-莫里斯（Jim Morris）提到，雷迪最有效的说服工具之一是一种叫做 "全拉吉 "的拥抱--不要与单纯的 "半拉吉 "相混淆，后者是用于不太关键的任务的策略。莫里斯将 "半拉吉 "定义为只是将手臂放在你的肩膀上；而 "全拉吉 "则将你带到他的脖子上。

雷迪的成就使他获得了许多奖项和荣誉。除了在1994年与埃德-费根鲍姆共同获得ACM图灵奖外，他还是美国国家工程院和美国艺术与科学学院的成员。由于他在发展中国家的工作，法国总统密特朗于1984年授予他Legion d'Honneur奖；由于 "在大规模人工智能系统、人机交互方面的开创性研究......对信息和电信政策的杰出贡献"，他于2004年获得大川奖；由于他 "在计算机科学和机器人方面的杰出成就"，他于2005年获得本田奖；由于 "在国际计算机协会Donald E。沃克杰出服务奖，以表彰他 "对人工智能界的杰出服务"，以及2006年的范尼瓦尔-布什奖，以表彰他 "在机器人和智能系统方面的开创性研究，以及他在制定国家信息和电信政策方面的重大贡献"。

关于1991年对雷迪的口述历史采访，见：http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/107605/1/oh231rr.pdf

作者。尼尔斯-J-尼尔森