2014.11.11 睡眠时间的四种类型

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The Four Types of Sleep Schedules
A new study suggests that some people are neither "owls" nor "larks"

By Olga Khazan

Rebecca Naden / Reuters
NOVEMBER 11, 2014
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Erwin Schrödinger, the Nobel-prize-winning Austrian physicist, was able to make major contributions to the fields of quantum mechanics, general relativity, and color theory during his lifetime. There was only one caveat: He was not able to make those contributions ... in the morning.

“He couldn’t work in the mornings at all,” his wife, AnneMarie, said in an interview. “The [Max] Planck lectures—as you know, it was 30 or 40 years ago that Planck was in Berlin—were given in the morning from nine to ten. When he got this very, very honorable call to Berlin, he wrote first thing and said, ‘I’m very sorry, but I can’t keep the lecture hours because I can’t work in the morning.’ ... They understood, and changed it to the afternoon—two lectures, one after the other—on two days.”

"I’m very sorry, but I can’t keep the lecture hours because I can’t work in the morning."
Ah, to be so famous that a major university rearranges its events just so you can hit the snooze button.


Scientists would later classify people like Schrödinger as “owls”—people who prefer to wake up late and are more alert in the evenings. It’s one of two basic chronotypes, or preferred sleep schedules. The other is “larks,” or crazy people those who prefer early mornings.

But now, scientists in Russia are proposing that there are actually four chronotypes: In addition to early and late risers, they say, there are also people who feel energetic in both the mornings and evenings, as well as people who feel lethargic all day.

For a study forthcoming in the journal Personality and Individual Differences, biologist Arcady Putilov and his colleagues at the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences asked 130 people to stay awake for 24 hours. The subjects filled out questionnaires about how awake they felt, their sleep patterns, and how well they had functioned during the previous week.

The results showed that among them were 29 larks, who showed higher energy levels at 9 a.m. than at 9 p.m., and 44 owls, for whom the opposite was true. The owls also went to bed about two hours later, on average, than the larks. But the rest of the group fell into neither of these patterns. As BPS Research Digest puts it:

There was a “high energetic” group of 25 people who reported feeling relatively sprightly in both the morning and evening; and a “lethargic” group of 32 others, who described feeling relatively dozy in both the morning and evening.

Both the lethargic and energetic participants went to bed and woke up somewhere between the owl and lark times. The energetic people slept about a half-hour less overall than the other three groups, netting about 7.5 hours of sleep each night.


So next time, rather than complain to your co-workers that you’re “always tired,” just let them know that you’re part of a newly discovered chronotype that is, in essence, all out of awakes to give.

The next big question is, obviously, what bird names to assign these two new groups. Lazy Bird and hummingbird? The albatross and the peregrine falcon? How many of these are already taken by indie bands?

Olga Khazan is a staff writer at The Atlantic.





睡眠时间的四种类型
一项新的研究表明，有些人既不是 "猫头鹰 "也不是 "云雀"。

奥尔加-卡赞报道

Rebecca Naden / 路透社
2014年11月11日



诺贝尔奖获得者奥地利物理学家埃尔温-薛定谔在他的一生中能够对量子力学、广义相对论和色彩理论领域做出重大贡献。只有一点需要注意：他不能在早晨做出这些贡献。

"他的妻子安妮-玛丽在接受采访时说："他根本无法在早上工作。"[马克斯]普朗克的讲座--如你所知，那是30或40年前普朗克在柏林的时候--是在早上九点到十点进行。当他接到这个非常、非常光荣的电话到柏林时，他第一时间写信说：'非常抱歉，但我不能保持讲座时间，因为我不能在早上工作'...。他们理解了，于是改成了下午--两天的讲座，一个接一个，两天一个。"

"我非常抱歉，但我不能保持讲座时间，因为我不能在上午工作。"
啊，如此出名，以至于一所主要大学重新安排其活动，只是为了让你能按下打盹的按钮。


科学家们后来将像薛定谔这样的人归类为 "猫头鹰"--喜欢晚起的人，在晚上会更警觉。这是两种基本的时间类型之一，或首选的睡眠时间表。另一种是 "云雀"，即那些喜欢清晨的疯子。

但是现在，俄罗斯的科学家提出，实际上有四种时间类型。他们说，除了早起和晚起的人之外，还有在早晨和晚上都感到精力充沛的人，以及整天都感到昏昏欲睡的人。

在即将发表在《个性与个体差异》杂志上的一项研究中，生物学家阿卡迪-普蒂洛夫和他在俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院的同事要求130人保持24小时的清醒。受试者填写了关于他们感觉有多清醒、他们的睡眠模式以及他们在前一周的工作情况的调查问卷。

结果显示，其中有29名云雀，他们在上午9点比晚上9点显示出更高的能量水平，而44名猫头鹰，情况则相反。猫头鹰也比云雀平均晚睡两个小时。但该组的其他成员则不属于这两种模式。正如《BPS研究文摘》所说。

有一个由25人组成的 "精力旺盛 "组，他们报告说在早上和晚上都感觉比较精神；还有一个由32人组成的 "昏昏欲睡 "组，他们描述在早上和晚上都感觉比较瞌睡。

昏昏欲睡和精力充沛的参与者都上床睡觉，并在猫头鹰和云雀时间之间醒来。精力充沛的人总的来说比其他三组人少睡了半小时，每晚的净睡眠时间约为7.5小时。


因此，下一次，与其向你的同事抱怨你 "总是很累"，不如让他们知道你是一个新发现的时间类型的一部分，从本质上讲，你已经没有觉醒的机会。

显然，下一个大问题是，给这两个新群体起什么鸟名。懒鸟和蜂鸟？信天翁和游隼？其中有多少已经被独立乐队拿走了？

奥尔加-卡赞是《大西洋》杂志的一名工作人员。