1983 丹尼斯·里奇

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Dennis M. Ritchie

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
September 9, 1941 in Bronxville, New York.

DEATH:
October 2011.

EDUCATION:
Ph.D. in Physics and Applied Mathematics, Harvard (1967);

EXPERIENCE:
Member of Technical Staff, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill NJ (Multics project 1967-1969, Creator of C language, Co-creator of Unix operating system, co-creator of Plan 9 From Bell Labs operating system, co-creator of Inferno distributed operating system, Department Head, Bell Laboratories)

HONORS AND AWARDS:
The following awards were jointly given to both Thompson and Ritchie: ACM Programming Systems and Languages Paper Award (1975); ACM A.M. Turing Award (1983); ACM Software System Award (1983); IEEE Emmanuel R. Piore Award (1983), IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (1990); IEEE Computer Pioneer Award (1994); Computer History Museum Fellow Award (1997); National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton (1998); ACM SIGOPS Hall of Fame Award (2005). Japan Prize for Information and Communications (2011). Ritchie was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1988. Industrial Research Institute Achievement Award in recognition of his contribution to science and technology, and to society generally, with his development of the Unix operating system (2005).

DENNIS M. RITCHIE DL Author Profile link
United States – 1983
CITATION
With Ken Thompson, for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system.

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ACM TURING AWARD
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Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie was born September 9, 1941 in Bronxville, New York. His father worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and Dennis grew up in New Jersey.

Ritchie received a BS degree in Physics in 1963 and a PhD in Applied Mathematics in 1967 from Harvard University. While a graduate student, Ritchie had a part-time job at MIT Project MAC's Multics timesharing project.

After graduation, Ritchie and Ken Thompson joined the Bell Laboratories Computing Sciences Research Center in Murray Hill, NJ. At the time, staff members of this group had considerable latitude in choosing research topics in computing theory, languages, programming and systems. Since 1964, members of the group had been participating in the design and development of the Multics system, along with developers from MIT's Project MAC and General Electric.

Ritchie worked with others in many different software projects associated with the Multics operating systems or tools. For example, in 1967, Ritchie, Robert Morris and Rudd Canaday ported the programming language BCPL from CTSS to the Multics and GECOS systems.

In 1969 Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project. The Computing Sciences Research group members searched for other projects, and in particular for a computing environment with an on-line community that avoided the "big system mentality." Unix was to provide such an environment. Ritchie wrote:

"It began in 1969 when Ken Thompson discovered a little-used PDP-7 computer and set out to fashion a computing environment that he liked. Thompson wrote the first version of Unix for a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-7 in a month, using a cross-assembler that ran on GECOS. The PDP-7 he used had 4K of 18-bit words. His work soon attracted me; I joined in the enterprise, though most of the ideas, and most of the work for that matter, were his."
The resulting Unix system provided users with interactive remote terminal computing and a shared file system. Source code was provided with the system, and the community of users could share ideas and programs directly and informally. Because Unix ran on a relatively inexpensive minicomputer, small research groups could experiment with it without dealing with computation center bureaucracies.

In 1971, the Bell Laboratories Computing Sciences Research group ported Unix to a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 to support text processing for the Bell Laboratories Patents Office. By 1972, there were 10 installations of Unix at AT&T.

Ken Thompson also created an interpretive language called B, based on BCPL, which he used to re-implement the non-kernel parts of Unix. Ritchie added types to the B language, and later created a compiler for the C language. Thompson and Ritchie rewrote most of Unix in C in 1973, which made further development and porting to other platforms much easier.

The second ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles was held in Elmsford, NY in 1973, and Thompson and Ritchie presented a clear and well-written paper [3] describing Unix. The Unix system presented in the paper was elegant and simple, providing a useful and extensible multi-user programming environment on an affordable machine. The file system and libraries included with the system made it easy to build and share application programs and to augment the system's functions. By the end of 1973, there were over 20 Unix systems running.

Thompson and Ritchie, along with other Computing Sciences Research group members, continued the development of Unix and C at Bell Laboratories, and Unix use spread further within AT&T. The Sixth Edition, released in 1975, began the spread of Unix to university, commercial, and government users of the popular DEC PDP-11 computers. AT&T, forbidden by court decree from selling Unix, licensed it for the cost of media. Enthusiastic users had the source code available, and fed improvements to Unix back to the Bell Labs developers. A 1977 retrospective paper by Ritchie [4] said that there were more than 300 Unix installations running on configurations from a single-user DEC LSI-11 to a 48-user PDP-11/70. By 1978, there were over 600 Unix installations, and Unix had begun to be ported to other minicomputers.

In the late 1970s, John Lions of the University of New South Wales circulated a book [8] on Unix that included the source code and commentaries on it. This book was used to teach Unix in operating systems courses around the world, and created a generation of computer scientists familiar with Unix internals.

In 1983, Thompson and Ritchie received the ACM A. M. Turing Award. The Turing Award selection committee wrote:

The success of the UNIX system stems from its tasteful selection of a few key ideas and their elegant implementation. The model of the Unix system has led a generation of software designers to new ways of thinking about programming. The genius of the Unix system is its framework, which enables programmers to stand on the work of others.

In the mid-1980s, several organizations promoted different technical approaches to Unix on different platforms, with different licensing arrangements. Thompson and Ritchie were honored as the originators of the system but no longer controlled its destiny. They went on to other computing research projects within AT&T.

Ritchie became head of the Bell Laboratories Computing Techniques Research Department in 1990 and, with others, began the Inferno distributed operating system and the Limbo language in 1995. Inferno is designed to support applications such as television set-top boxes and advanced telephones.

Ritchie retired as head of Lucent Technologies' System Software Research Department in 2007, and died in early October, 2011.

Author: Tom Van Vleck



Dennis M. Ritchie

照片
诞生。
1941年9月9日在纽约的布朗克斯维尔。

逝世。
2011年10月。

教育背景：哈佛大学物理和应用数学博士（1967年）。
哈佛大学物理和应用数学博士（1967年）。

经历：贝尔实验室（Murray Hill）的技术人员。
新泽西州默里山贝尔实验室的技术员（Multics项目1967-1969年，C语言的创造者，Unix操作系统的共同创造者，贝尔实验室操作系统Plan 9的共同创造者，Inferno分布式操作系统的共同创造者，贝尔实验室的部门主管）

荣誉和奖项。
以下是汤普森和里奇共同获得的奖项：ACM编程系统和语言论文奖（1975年）；ACM A.M. 图灵奖（1983年）；ACM软件系统奖（1983年）；IEEE Emmanuel R. Piore奖（1983年），IEEE Richard W. Hamming奖章（1990年）；IEEE计算机先锋奖（1994年）；计算机历史博物馆研究员奖（1997年）；克林顿总统颁发的国家技术奖（1998年）；ACM SIGOPS名人堂奖（2005年）。日本信息和通信奖（2011年）。里奇于1988年当选为国家工程院院士。工业研究所成就奖，以表彰他开发Unix操作系统对科学技术和整个社会的贡献（2005）。

DENNIS M. RITCHIE DL作者简介链接
美国 - 1983年
获奖情况
与Ken Thompson一起，因其对通用操作系统理论的发展，特别是对UNIX操作系统的实现。

短篇注释
书目
亚马逊图灵奖
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研究
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额外的
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丹尼斯-麦卡利斯塔-里奇1941年9月9日出生在纽约的布朗克斯维尔。他的父亲在AT&T贝尔实验室工作，丹尼斯在新泽西长大。

里奇于1963年获得物理学学士学位，1967年获得哈佛大学应用数学博士学位。在读研究生时，里奇在麻省理工学院项目MAC的Multics分时项目中做了一份兼职。

毕业后，里奇和肯-汤普森加入了位于新泽西州莫里山的贝尔实验室计算科学研究中心。当时，这个小组的工作人员在选择计算理论、语言、编程和系统的研究课题方面有很大的自由度。自1964年以来，该小组的成员与麻省理工学院的MAC项目和通用电气的开发人员一起参与了Multics系统的设计和开发。

里奇在许多与Multics操作系统或工具有关的不同软件项目中与其他人合作。例如，在1967年，Ritchie、Robert Morris和Rudd Canaday将编程语言BCPL从CTSS移植到Multics和GECOS系统。

1969年，贝尔实验室退出了Multics项目。计算科学研究小组成员寻找其他项目，特别是寻找一个具有在线社区的计算环境，以避免 "大系统思维"。Unix就是要提供这样一个环境。Ritchie写道。

"它开始于1969年，当时肯-汤普森发现了一台很少使用的PDP-7计算机，并着手打造一个他喜欢的计算环境。汤普森在一个月内为数字设备公司的PDP-7编写了第一个版本的Unix，使用的是一个在GECOS上运行的交叉汇编程序。他使用的PDP-7有4K的18位字。他的工作很快就吸引了我；我加入了这个企业，尽管大部分的想法和大部分的工作都是他的。"
由此产生的Unix系统为用户提供了交互式远程终端计算和一个共享文件系统。该系统提供了源代码，用户社区可以直接和非正式地分享想法和程序。由于Unix运行在相对便宜的微型计算机上，小型研究小组可以用它进行试验，而不必与计算中心的官僚机构打交道。

1971年，贝尔实验室计算科学研究小组将Unix移植到数字设备公司的PDP-11上，以支持贝尔实验室专利办公室的文本处理。到1972年，在AT&T有10套Unix系统。

Ken Thompson还在BCPL的基础上创造了一种叫做B的解释语言，他用它来重新实现Unix的非内核部分。里奇为B语言增加了类型，后来还为C语言创建了一个编译器。Thompson和Ritchie在1973年用C语言重写了大部分Unix，这使得进一步的开发和移植到其他平台变得更加容易。

第二届ACM操作系统原理研讨会于1973年在纽约州的Elmsford举行，Thompson和Ritchie发表了一篇清晰且文笔良好的论文[3]，描述了Unix。论文中介绍的Unix系统优雅而简单，在一台经济适用的机器上提供了一个有用的、可扩展的多用户编程环境。该系统所包含的文件系统和库使得建立和共享应用程序以及增强系统功能变得容易。到1973年底，有超过20个Unix系统在运行。

汤普森和里奇，以及其他计算科学研究小组的成员，继续在贝尔实验室开发Unix和C，Unix的使用在AT&T内部进一步扩散。1975年发布的第六版开始向大学、商业和政府的流行的DEC PDP-11计算机用户传播Unix。AT&T公司被法庭禁止销售Unix，以媒体的成本授权给它。热情的用户可以获得源代码，并将Unix的改进反馈给贝尔实验室的开发者。Ritchie[4]在1977年的一篇回顾性文章中说，有300多个Unix安装在从单用户的DEC LSI-11到48用户的PDP-11/70的配置上运行。到1978年，有超过600个Unix安装，而且Unix已经开始被移植到其他微型计算机上。

在20世纪70年代末，新南威尔士大学的John Lions传阅了一本关于Unix的书[8]，其中包括源代码和对它的评论。这本书被用来在世界各地的操作系统课程中教授Unix，并造就了一代熟悉Unix内部结构的计算机科学家。

1983年，汤普森和里奇获得了ACM A. M. 图灵奖。图灵奖评选委员会写道。

UNIX系统的成功源于它对一些关键思想的有品味的选择和它们的优雅实现。Unix系统的模型引导了一代软件设计者对编程的新思考方式。Unix系统的天才之处在于它的框架，它使程序员能够站在别人的工作上。

在20世纪80年代中期，有几个组织在不同的平台上推广不同的Unix技术方法，有不同的许可安排。汤普森和里奇被誉为该系统的创始者，但不再控制其命运。他们继续在AT&T内部从事其他计算研究项目。

里奇在1990年成为贝尔实验室计算技术研究部门的负责人，并与其他人一起在1995年开始了Inferno分布式操作系统和Limbo语言的开发。Inferno旨在支持电视机顶盒和高级电话等应用。

里奇于2007年作为朗讯科技公司系统软件研究部的负责人退休，并在2011年10月初去世。

作者。汤姆-范-弗莱克