1999 弗雷德里克·布鲁克斯

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Frederick Brooks

PHOTOGRAPHS
BIRTH:
April 19, 1931, Durham, North Carolina, United States

EDUCATION:
AB, Duke University (1953– physics); SM, Harvard University (1955 – computer science); PhD Harvard University (1956 – applied mathematics/computer science); Honorary PhD ETH-Zurich (1991 - technical science)

EXPERIENCE:
IBM Corporation (1956 – 1965); University of North Carolina (from 1964); Defense Science Board (1983 – 1986); Artificial Intelligence Task Force (1983 – 1984); Military Software Task Force chairman (1985 – 1987); Computers in Simulation and Training Task Force (1986 – 1987); National Science Board (1987 – 1992)

HONORS AND AWARDS:
IEEE Fellow (1968); IEEE McDowell Award (1970); DPMA Computer Science Award (1970); Guggenheim Fellowship, Cambridge University (1975); American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow (1976); member, National Academy of Engineering (1976); IEEE Computer Society Pioneer Award (1980);: National Medal of Technology (1985); University of North Carolina Thomas Jefferson Award (1986); ACM Distinguished Service Award (1987); AFIPS Harry Goode Award (1989); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences member (1991); IEEE John von Neumann Medal (1993); ACM Fellow (1994); British Computer Society Distinguished Fellow (1994); member UK Royal Academy of Engineering (1994); ACM Allen Newell award (1994); Franklin Institute Bower Award and Prize in Science (1995); CyberEdge Journal Sutherland Award (1997); ACM Turing Award (1999); member National Academy of Science (2001); Fellow Computer History Museum (2001); ACM/IEEE Eckert-Mauchly Award (2004); IEEE Virtual Reality Career Award (2010).


FREDERICK ("FRED") BROOKS DL Author Profile link
United States – 1999
CITATION
For landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering.

SHORT ANNOTATED
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VIDEO INTERVIEW
Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. was born April 19, 1931, in Durham, North Carolina. Growing up in the Raleigh/Durham region, he earned his AB in physics at Duke University in 1953. Brooks then joined the pioneering degree program in computer science at Harvard University, where he earned his SM in 1955 and his PhD in 1956. At Harvard he was a student of Howard Aiken, who during World War II developed the Harvard Mark I, one of the largest electromechanical calculators ever built, and the first automatic digital calculator built in the United States.

Brooks discusses his experiences as a Harvard graduate student with Howard Aiken and fellow Turing awardee Ken Iverson.       
After graduation Brooks was recruited by IBM, where for the first several years of his career he served in various positions in Poughkeepsie and Yorktown Heights, New York. During that time he helped design the IBM 7090 “Stretch” supercomputer, so called because it was a considerable “stretch” to the technology and performance of most computers of the time. Stretch was IBM’s first transistorized computer, containing some 150,000 transistors. Although it was a commercial failure, it pioneered a number of advanced concepts quite important to contemporary computing, such as instruction look-ahead, overlapping and pipelining of instruction execution, error checking and correction, and the 8-bit addressable character. Brooks and fellow engineer Dura Sweeney patented an interrupt system for the Stretch which has been widely copied as an essential mechanism in all contemporary computers that conduct concurrent activities and react to events from the physical world (U.S. Patent 3,048,332). Brooks went on to participate in the design of the architecture of the IBM Harvest, a variant of the Stretch with special features for the National Security Agency. He later helped the government assess the computing capability of the Soviet Union.

Brooks discusses IBM’s Stretch computer, then the world’s fastest, and the custom Harvest module built for the NSA.       
Brooks was next assigned to help design the IBM 8000, a new transistorized mainframe computer intended to replace the IBM 700/7000 series. But by the early 1960s, the global market for computers was incredibly crowded, with numerous companies offering incompatible, proprietary systems. As customers replaced their older systems with faster ones, they realized that their investment in software was a growing problem, because they had to rewrite it for every new system. Bob Evans promoted IBM’s vision to develop a single product line of general purpose computers with a common instruction set that permitted customers to preserve their investment in software as the moved from slower machines to faster ones. Evans assigned Brooks to lead the team to design this product line, called the System/360, which was announced in 1964. Brooks coined the term “computer architecture” to mean the structure and behavior of computer processors and associated devices, as separate from the details of any particular hardware implementation.

The importance of the System /360 cannot be understated: it was a widely successful project that transformed the face of business computing and reshaped the landscape of the computer companies throughout the world. Among many important contributions to the design of the System/360, Brooks was particularly proud of the 8-bit byte, which permitted the use of uppercase and lowercase alphabets and expanded the role of computers in text processing.

Brooks describes the design of IBM’s revolutionary System/360 architecture, particularly his choice of an 8-bit byte.       
While the hardware architecture for the System/360 was well underway, it was clear that there was considerable risk in delivering the operating system for the new series of machines. Brooks was assigned to lead the software team in building what was perhaps the largest operating system project of its time. Brooks describes the lessons he learned in his classic text on software engineering, The Mythical Man-Month. It is from that experience that Brooks proposed “Brooks' Law”: that “adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.”

Brooks explains why he wrote The Mythical Man Month, his celebrated book on software project management.       
After the successful delivery of the System/360 and its operating system, Brooks was invited to the University of North Carolina, where he founded the University’s computer science department in 1964. He chaired the department from 1964 to 1984, and served as the Kenan Professor of Computer Science. His principal research area, real-time three-dimensional graphics, provides virtual environments that let biochemists reason about the structure of complex molecules, and let architects walk through buildings under design. Brooks has also pioneered the use of a haptic force feedback display to supplement visual graphics.

Brooks married Nancy Lee Greenwood in Falls Church, Virginia, on June 17, 1956. They have three children and nine grandchildren. In addition to his professional roles, Brooks has been involved in church activities and in national politics.

More photos of Fred Brooks can be found here

Author: Grady Booch



弗雷德里克-布鲁克斯

照片
出生地：美国
1931年4月19日，美国北卡罗来纳州达勒姆。

学历：杜克大学学士（1953年-物理学）；哈佛大学硕士（1955年-计算机科学）。
杜克大学学士（1953年-物理学）；哈佛大学硕士（1955年-计算机科学）；哈佛大学博士（1956年-应用数学/计算机科学）；苏黎世联邦理工学院荣誉博士（1991年-技术科学）。

工作经验。
IBM公司（1956-1965）；北卡罗来纳大学（1964年起）；国防科学委员会（1983-1986）；人工智能工作组（1983-1984）；军事软件工作组主席（1985-1987）；模拟和训练中的计算机工作组（1986-1987）；国家科学委员会（1987-1992）。

荣誉和奖项。
IEEE研究员（1968年）；IEEE McDowell奖（1970年）；DPMA计算机科学奖（1970年）；剑桥大学古根海姆奖学金（1975年）；美国艺术与科学学院院士（1976年）；国家工程院院士（1976年）；IEEE计算机协会先锋奖（1980年）；。国家技术奖章（1985年）；北卡罗来纳大学托马斯-杰弗逊奖（1986年）；ACM杰出服务奖（1987年）；AFIPS哈里-古德奖（1989年）；荷兰皇家艺术与科学学院成员（1991年）；IEEE约翰-冯-诺伊曼奖章（1993年）；ACM研究员（1994年）；英国计算机学会杰出研究员（1994年）。英国皇家工程院院士（1994年）；ACM艾伦-纽维尔奖（1994年）；富兰克林学院鲍尔奖和科学奖（1995年）；CyberEdge杂志萨瑟兰奖（1997年）；ACM图灵奖（1999年）；国家科学院院士（2001年）；计算机历史博物馆研究员（2001年）；ACM/IEEE Eckert-Mauchly奖（2004年）；IEEE虚拟现实职业奖（2010年）。


FREDERICK ("FRED") BROOKS DL作者简介链接
美国 - 1999年
嘉奖
对计算机体系结构、操作系统和软件工程的里程碑式的贡献。

简短注释
书目
研究
题目
额外的
材料
视频采访
小弗雷德里克-菲利普斯-布鲁克斯1931年4月19日出生在北卡罗来纳州达勒姆。他在罗利/达勒姆地区长大，1953年在杜克大学获得物理学学士学位。布鲁克斯随后加入了哈佛大学计算机科学的先锋学位课程，并在1955年获得了SM学位，1956年获得了博士学位。在哈佛，他是霍华德-艾肯的学生，他在第二次世界大战期间开发了哈佛马克一号，这是有史以来最大的机电计算器之一，也是美国制造的第一个自动数字计算器。

布鲁克斯讨论了他作为哈佛大学研究生与霍华德-艾肯和同为图灵奖得主的肯-艾弗森在一起的经历。       
毕业后，布鲁克斯被IBM聘用，在他职业生涯的前几年，他在纽约的波基普西和约克敦高地担任过各种职务。在此期间，他帮助设计了IBM 7090 "拉伸 "超级计算机，之所以被称为 "拉伸 "是因为它对当时大多数计算机的技术和性能有相当大的 "拉伸"。Stretch是IBM的第一台晶体管计算机，包含大约15万个晶体管。虽然它在商业上是失败的，但它开创了一些对当代计算相当重要的先进概念，如指令前瞻、指令执行的重叠和流水线、错误检查和纠正，以及8位可寻址字符。布鲁克斯和工程师杜拉-斯威尼为Stretch的中断系统申请了专利，该系统作为当代所有进行并发活动和对物理世界的事件作出反应的计算机的一个基本机制被广泛复制（美国专利3,048,332）。布鲁克斯接着参与了IBM Harvest的架构设计，这是Stretch的一个变体，为国家安全局提供了特殊功能。他后来帮助政府评估了苏联的计算能力。

布鲁克斯讨论了IBM的Stretch计算机，当时是世界上最快的，以及为国家安全局建造的定制Harvest模块。       
布鲁克斯接下来被指派帮助设计IBM 8000，这是一种新的晶体管大型计算机，旨在取代IBM 700/7000系列。但到了20世纪60年代初，全球计算机市场令人难以置信地拥挤，许多公司提供不兼容的专有系统。当客户用更快的系统取代他们的旧系统时，他们意识到他们在软件方面的投资是一个越来越大的问题，因为他们必须为每一个新系统重新编写软件。鲍勃-埃文斯推动了IBM的愿景，即开发一个具有通用指令集的通用计算机的单一产品线，使客户在从较慢的机器转移到较快的机器时可以保留他们在软件上的投资。埃文斯指派布鲁克斯领导团队设计这条产品线，称为System/360，于1964年发布。布鲁克斯创造了 "计算机体系结构 "这一术语，指的是计算机处理器和相关设备的结构和行为，与任何特定硬件实现的细节分开。

系统/360的重要性是不可低估的：它是一个广泛成功的项目，改变了商业计算的面貌，重塑了全世界计算机公司的格局。在System/360设计的许多重要贡献中，布鲁克斯对8位字节特别自豪，它允许使用大写和小写字母，扩大了计算机在文本处理中的作用。

布鲁克斯描述了IBM革命性的System/360架构的设计，特别是他对8位字节的选择。       
虽然System/360的硬件架构进展顺利，但很明显，为新系列机器提供操作系统存在相当大的风险。布鲁克斯被派去领导软件团队，建立一个可能是当时最大的操作系统项目。布鲁克斯在他关于软件工程的经典著作《神话般的人月》中描述了他所学到的经验。正是从这一经历中，布鲁克斯提出了 "布鲁克斯定律"："为一个晚期的软件项目增加人力，会使它变得更晚"。

布鲁克斯解释了他写《神话般的人月》的原因，这是他关于软件项目管理的著名书籍。       
在成功交付System/360及其操作系统后，布鲁克斯被邀请到北卡罗来纳大学，并在1964年创建了该大学的计算机科学系。从1964年到1984年，他一直担任该系主任，并担任凯南计算机科学教授。他的主要研究领域是实时三维图形，提供虚拟环境，让生物化学家推理复杂分子的结构，并让建筑师在设计中的建筑中行走。布鲁克斯还开创了使用触觉力反馈显示器来补充视觉图形。

布鲁克斯于1956年6月17日在弗吉尼亚州的福尔斯教堂与南希-李-格林伍德结婚。他们有三个孩子和九个孙子。除了他的职业角色外，布鲁克斯还参与了教会活动和国家政治。

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