4080年前大禹治水以来的第248位皇帝

shiyi18

中国的统治者
作者：A. BLAND, OF M 中国人传统上被分为四个阶层--学者、农民、工人和商人。
学者、农民、劳动者和商人，到目前为止，前者是国家中最有影响力，甚至是最有用的部分。那些在考场上毕业的学者享有某些特权，他们所处的地位使他们能够有力地控制公众的思想，也可以根据自己的倾向帮助或阻挠统治者管理公共事务。大多数人
大多数人都很穷，因为他们认为从事贸易有损于他们地位的尊严；他们常常在绝望中等待多年，希望获得官方的工作。
他们往往等待多年，希望能得到官方的聘用，但几乎没有一个人能够成功地做到这一点。在这幅插图中，坐着半打比较体面的人，他们是不同级别的官员，每个人手里都拿着烟斗。
Ei-hien, shen-si.
而后面站着一些助手和下属。每个人的帽子顶上都有一个石头或金属纽扣，标明他的级别，他的长袍胸前也绣着鸟或动物。他们中没有人达到最高职位，但在桌子的左边（我们的右边），在荣誉的位置上，坐着一位道台，是省会以外最重要的官员。在他的左手边是一位县长，坐在桌子另一边的是一位军事官员，在他旁边的是一位县长，也就是区长。后者在中国有一千二百多人，十八个省被划分为同样多的地区，每个人在其各自的地区都有充分的余地，可以作为民事和刑事法官、治安官、验尸官、财务官和税务专员。他还负责对有志于此的毕业生进行初步考试；在规定的时间内，他要到庙里去，在他自己的办公室里祭拜神灵。
中国的百万人口。
官方身份。不用说，他不可能充分履行这些职务，但只要他能维护秩序，向省会转送他的税收配额，并按要求向他的上级收费，他就可以随心所欲地行使他的权力。诗意地讲，行政长官是 "人民的父亲和母亲"。后者从来不会特别急于结识他，因为无论什么事情都可以不做，现行的制度只允许官员领取名义上的工资，甚至连办公室的工作费用都很难满足。
这就迫使他把注意力放在其他方面。
迫使他在短暂的任期内关注其他弥补不足的方法和手段。
他不得不在其短暂的任期内注意用其他方法和手段来弥补不足。只要他不太过分，人们就会默默地接受，认为他们的麻烦是一种必要的罪恶。所指的福晋是一个较高的官员，是由几个县（或地区）组成的县政府的首脑，*而两个或三个县有时会联合起来，并服从一个道台（或主管）的统治，道台对整个地区的所有文职官员进行全面监督。级别更高的是省财政厅和法官，以及更高的总督。后者居住在该省的首府，直接向王室负责。简而言之，这就是在中国盛行的省级政府制度。
简而言之，这就是在中国盛行的省级政府制度，它与我们不少于三亿同胞的利益息息相关。可喜的是，基督教传教士现在可以进入这个帝国的所有地区，而且当他们寻求将精神自由和祝福带入人民的生活时，他们发现目前的制度几乎没有任何阻碍。
他们发现在目前的政府体系中几乎没有任何阻碍。不少官员在某种程度上开始理解和欣赏这些努力，在暴乱的时候，有些官员
在暴乱时期，一些官员迅速采取措施，确保传教士的保护。几个月前发生了一个令人高兴的例子。一位传教士和他的妻子以及两位女工居住在内陆的一个省份。
一个传教士和他的妻子及两位女工居住在内陆的一个省份，处于最危险的境地，传教所被一群愤怒的暴徒包围。冒着生命危险
县长冒着生命危险冲破了暴徒的包围，传教士们的宝贵生命得以保存。尽管对中国官员普遍提出了压迫和残忍的指控，但我们必须公平地承认，许多中国官员都是被压迫的。
我们必须公平地承认，他们中的许多人在努力进行公平的统治，并正确地履行其职责。学者们普遍反对传教士的工作。
工作。他们一直在寻找过去的时代，并声称要在他们的圣人和他们的教导中找到完美的东西，他们自然会用嫉妒的眼光看待每一个创新，从而拒绝接受福音，尽管也有一些明显的例外，为此我们赞美上帝。
我们赞美上帝。在其他人中，我们可以举出一个省级毕业生的例子。
几年来，他一直是一个有价值的牧师和福音传道者，他所在的省份与我们图例中的官员所任职的省份相同。诚然，"按照肉体有智慧的人不多"。
但我们仍要激发我们的兴趣，并为中国的官员和学者祈祷，使他们中的许多人能够得到拯救。上述简述只是触及了中国强制性政府制度这一主题的边缘；不过，应该补充几句话。
然而，应该补充一些关于处于整个制度之首的皇帝的情况。威尔斯-威廉姆斯说："如果拥有强大的权力和
如果拥有巨大的权力和成为几乎无限制的崇敬对象能够带来幸福，那么他可以被认为是活着的最幸福的凡人"。在承担高大上的头衔方面，他甚至可以与罗马教皇相媲美。他是 "天子"，"天人合一"，等等。他被称呼为 "万年陛下"。看到他就是看到 "龙的脸"。他坐在 "龙的座位 "上，并
他坐在 "龙的座位 "上，管理 "天下所有 "的政府，作为天堂本身的代行者
天堂本身的代理人。在整个帝国中，都有专门为他的荣誉而设的试炼场。
他的荣誉，每个都有一块刻有皇帝名字的牌匾，官员们在规定的时间去那里向他致敬。
向他致敬。他不仅是唯一的统治者，而且是宗教的领袖--他是唯一在天坛进行礼拜的人。
他是唯一的统治者，也是宗教的领袖--只有他在天坛做礼拜，在冬至时在天坛的大理石上跪下。
冬至时，他作为国家的唯一代表跪在天坛的大理石路面上。他的诏书不仅涉及活人，还授予死者荣誉称号，中国的大部分神灵都是由于皇帝颁发的专利而存在的。其中一个最受欢迎的神
例如，最受欢迎的神之一，其形象在帝国的每个城镇都受到崇拜。
他原本是一位战士，在两千年前三个敌对王国的战争中表现出色。最终，他落入敌人之手，被处死。几年后，一位皇帝高兴地将他神化为 "战神"，随即到处都有供奉他的寺庙。继任的皇帝增加了他们的神灵配额，新的神灵仍然 "不断涌现"，而老的神灵偶尔也会因为被授予额外的头衔而受到恭维。
偶尔也会有老一辈的人被授予额外的头衔和荣誉。现任皇帝出生于1871年，四年后继承了他的堂兄，他的堂兄去世时没有后代。他的个人名字 "Tsai-tien "被认为太过神圣而不能说；因此他被人民称为 "Kuang-su "或 "杰出的继承人"。他是本朝的第九位皇帝。
他是本朝的第九位皇帝，本朝是由满族人在1644年建立的，根据可靠的记录，他是第248位皇帝。
根据可靠的记录，他是自大禹治水以来占据中国王位的第248位皇帝。




China's EuUrs.
BY A. BLAND, OF M THE Chinese are traditionally divided into four classes —
scholars, farmers, labourers and merchants, the first-named being by far the most influential, if not the most useful, section of the nation. Those scholars who have graduated in the examination halls enjoy certain privileges and occupy a position which enables them to powerfully control the public mind and also to aid or thwart, as they may be inclined, the rulers in the management of public affairs. The
majority are poor, for they consider it beneath the dignity of their position to engage in trade ; often they wait years in the forlorn hope
of obtaining official employment, although scarcely one in a score succeeds in doing so. In the illustration there are seated half-a-dozen of the more for- tunate ones, officials of varying ranks, each with his pipe in hand,
EI-HIEN, SHEN-SI.
whilst behind stand a number of assistants and subordinates. Eachhas a stone or metal button on the top of his hat, which advertiseshis rank, as also the embroidered bird or animal upon the breast ofhis robes. None of them have yet attained to the highest offices, butto the left of the table (our right), in the place of honour, sits a Tao-tai, the most important official outside the capital of the province. Tohis left is a Fit, or prefect ; seated at the other side of the table is amilitary official, and next to him a Hsien, or district magistrate. Of the latter there are over twelve hundred in office in China, theeighteen provinces being divided into as many districts, and each in his respective district has full scope to distinguish himself as civil andcriminal judge, sheriff, coroner, treasurer and tax commissioner. Healso conducts the preliminary examinations of aspiring graduates ; atstated times he repairs to the temple, to worship the gods in his
CHINA'S MILLIONS.
official capacity. Needless to say, he cannot adequately fulfil each of these offices, but provided he preserves order, forwards his quota of the taxes to the provincial capital, and fees his superiors as required, he may exercise his authority much as he pleases. Poetically, the magistrate is " the father and mother of the people." The latter are never particularly anxious to make his acquaintance, for whatever may be left undone, the system in vogue, which allows the official a mere nominal salary, miserably insufficient to meet even the working
expenses of his office, compels him to give his attention to other ways
and means of making up the deficiency during his brief tenure of
office. Provided he is not over-exorbitant, the people meekly ac- quiesce, regarding their troubles as a necessary evil. The Fu referred to is a higher official, being the head of a prefec- ture comprising several Hsien, or districts,* whilst two or three prefec- tures are sometimes united and made subject to the rule of a Tao-tai, or intendant, who takes a general oversight of the whole of the civil officials in the entire district. Of higher rank are the Provincial Treasurer and Judge, and higher still the Governor. These latter reside in the capital of the province and are directly responsible to the throne. Such, in brief, is the system of provincial government
which prevails in China, and in which is bound up the interests of not less than three hundred millions of our fellow-creatures. Happily, Christian Missionaries have now access to all parts of the empire, and as they seek to bring spiritual liberty and blessing into the lives of the people, they find little to hinder in the present system
of government. Not a few officials are in some measure beginning to understand and appreciate these efforts, and in times of riot some
have promptly taken steps to secure the protection of Missionaries. One pleasing instance occurred a few months ago. A Missionary, with his wife and two lady workers, residing in one of the inland
provinces, were placed in circumstances of the utmost peril, the Mission house being surrounded by an angry mob. At the risk of his
life the magistrate broke through the mob, and the precious lives of the Missionaries were saved. Notwithstanding the charges of oppression and cruelty brought against Chinese officials generally, we
must in fairness acknowledge that many of them endeavour to rule equitably, and rightly discharge their duties. The scholars generally are inveterately opposed to Missionary
work. Perpetually looking into the past ages, and claiming to find perfection in their sages and their teaching, they naturally regard every innovation with a jealous eye, and thus spurn the proffered Gospel, although there are some bright exceptions, for which we
praise God. Amongst others, we may instance a provincial graduate,
who for some years has been a valued pastor and preacher of the Gospel in the same province as that in which the officials in our illustra- tion hold office. " Not many wise after the flesh are called," it is true
still let our interest be stimulated and our prayers ascend on behalf of the officials and scholars of China that many of them may be saved. The above sketch but touches the fringe of the subject of the compli- cated system of government in China; a few words should, however,
be added respecting the Emperor who is at the head of the whole. Wells Williams remarks, "that if the possession of great power and
being the object of almost unbounded reverence can impart happiness, he may safely be considered as the happiest mortal living." In the assumption of high-sounding titles he rivals even the Pope of Rome. He is "The Son of Heaven," "The Celestial August One," etc. Heis addressed as " The Sire of Ten Thousand Years." To see him is to see "the Dragon's face." He sits upon " the Dragon's seat," and
administers the government of "all under heaven," as the vicegerent
of heaven itself. Throughout the empire temptes are dedicated to
his honour, each containing a tablet inscribed with the Emperor's name, and thither the officials repair at stated seasons to do him
homage. Not only is he sole ruler, he is the head of religion —he
alone worships at the Temple of Heaven, prostrating himself at the
winter solstice upon its marble pavement as sole representative of the nation. His edicts not only concern the living, they confer titles of honour upon the dead, and the large majority of the gods of China owe their existence to the patents issued by the Emperor. One of the most
popular gods, for instance, whose image is worshipped in every town
of the Empire, was originally a warrior who distinguished himself in the wars of the three rival kingdoms about two thousand years ago. Eventually he fell into the hands of his enemies, and was put to death. Years later an emperor was pleased to deify him as "god of war," and forthwith temples were everywhere dedicated to his honour. Succeeding emperors have added their quota of gods, new ones still " come newly up," whilst the older ones are occasionally flattered by
being made the recipients of additional titles and honours. The present Emperor was born in 1871, and four years later succeeded his cousin, who had died without issue. His personal name, Tsai-tien, is considered too sacred to be spoken ; hence he is known to the people by his national designation, Kuang-su, or "Illustrious Succession." He is the ninth Emperor of the present
dynasty, which was founded by the Manchus in 1644, ar>d according
to reliable records the 248th that has occupied the throne of China
since the days of the great Yu, who ruled 4080 years ago.